基于“三生空间”的城市国土空间开发建设适宜性评价——以宁波市为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.11.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三生空间的合理布局与有序开发对城市实体空间布局、土地功能组合、国土空间秩序开发、引导人口资源环境与社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。本文从土地资源的三生功能视角出发,以宁波市为例,提出了基于三生空间的城市国土空间开发建设适宜性评价框架;运用GIS技术,采用国土空间综合分区“千层饼”方法,以30m×30m栅格为基本单元,定量评估了宁波市国土空间开发建设适宜性;从分类到综合,多尺度揭示了宁波市国土开发的建设适宜规模与开发潜力。研究表明：①2012年宁波市生态空间面积为5872.33km²,占宁波市总面积的60.35%,主要分布在宁波南部宁象片区;生产空间面积为2442.34km²,占宁波市总面积的25.10%,集中分布在宁波市中部与北部平原;生活空间面积为1415.78km²,占宁波市总面积的14.55%,多集聚在宁波市核心六区;②宁波市不适宜城市建设空间居多,达5655.34km²,生态、生产与生活空间占比约为34∶9∶1;临界适宜城市建设空间居中,为2279.84km²,以生态空间与生产空间为主,二者占比约为2∶1;比较适宜空间为1526.71km²,以生产与生活空间为主,二者占比约为1∶2;一般适宜空间居后列,为268.56km²,生态空间、生产空间与生活空间比约为2∶1∶13;③宁波市北部余慈与南部宁象板块开发潜力较大,未来可有序拓展开发空间;中心城区国土空间开发建设适宜性较好,但开发历史悠久,开发潜力有限,未来开发宜以盘活存量,提高效率为主要途径。

关键词: 城市, 三生空间, 国土空间, 建设适宜性, 秩序开发, 宁波

Abstract:

The reasonable and orderly development of ecological-living-industrial spaces is of great significance for land function combination,ordering spatial development,guiding population resource environments and ensuring socio-economic sustainable development in urban areas. In this study,a set of frameworks for the suitability evaluation of spatial development suitability for city construction was built,from the perspective of the ecological-living-industrial function of land resources. The spatial suitability method was applied to evaluate spatial suitability for city construction in Ningbo city,using GIS technology with comprehensive territory spatial partition of ‘puff pastry’ means. The results show that in 2012,the ecological space of Ningbo covered 5872 km²,which accounted for 60.35% of the total area,and the distribution was mainly in Ningxiang in southern Ningbo. Industrial space covered an area of 2442km²,accounting for 25.10% of the total area,and the distribution was concentrated in central and northern plains in Ningbo. Living space covered an area of 1415.78km²,accounting for 14.55% of the total area and concentrated in six core areas of Ningbo. There was more unsuitable region for city construction space than other types in Ningbo in 2012;the unsuitable area was 5655km² and the rate of ecological,industrial and living spaces was 34 $∶$ 9 $∶$ 1. The critical suitable space area was 2279km²,and the ecological and industrial space rate was 2 $∶$ 1. More suitable space was 1526km²,and the industrial and living space ratio was 1：2. Generally suitable space was last at 268km². The development potential is larger in Yuci in the north and Ningxiang in the south. Even though the territory spatial development suitability for construction was better in the center,it has a long history of development and the development potential was limited. It would be appropriate to revitalize this stock and improve its efficiency.

Key words: city, ecological-living-industrial space, territory, construction suitability, ordered development, Ningbo City

吴艳娟, 杨艳昭, 杨玲, 张超, 游珍. 基于“三生空间”的城市国土空间开发建设适宜性评价——以宁波市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(11): 2072-2081.

WU Yanjuan,YANG Yanzhao,YANG Ling,ZHANG Chao,YOU Zhen. Land spatial development and suitability for city construction based on ecological-living-industrial space——take Ningbo City as an example[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(11): 2072-2081.

图/表 9

表1

图1

表2

表3

图2

图3

表4

图4

图5

参考文献 34

[1]	石玉林,封志明. 开展农业资源高效利用研究[J]. 自然资源学报,1997,12(4):2-7.
	[Shi Y L,Feng Z M.Developing the study of high efficient utilization of agricultural resources[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,1997,12(4):2-7.]
[2]	封志明,李飞,刘爱民,等. 农业资源高效利用研究中的若干问题[J]. 资源科学,1998,20(5):4-9.
	[Feng Z M,Li F,Liu A M,et al. Some problems in the study of efficient utilization of agricul-tural resources[J]. Resources Science,1998,20(5):4-9.]
[3]	封志明,李飞,刘爱民,等. 农业资源高效利用的优化模式与技术集成[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2002.
	[Feng Z M,Li F,Liu A M,et al.Technique Integration on Efficient Utilization of Agricul-tural Resources[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2002.]
[4]	焦胜,李振民,高青,等. 景观连通性理论在城市土地适宜性评价与优化方法中的应用[J]. 地理研究,2013,32(4):720-730.
	[Jiao S,Li Z M,Gao Q,et al. The application of landscape connectivity theory in urban ecology suitability assessment and optimization[J]. Geographical Research,2013,32(4):720-730.]
[5]	孙伟,陈雯. 市域空间开发适宜性分区与布局引导研究-以宁波市为例[J]. 自然资源学报,2009,24(3):402-413
	. [Sun W,Chen W.Regionalization of spatial potential development and distribution guidance:A case study of Ningbo City[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(3):402-413.]
[6]	何丹,金凤君,周璟. 资源型城市建设用地适宜性评价研究-以济宁市大运河生态经济区为例[J]. 地理研究,2011,30(4):655-666.
	[He D,Jin F J,Zhou J.Urban construction land suitability evaluation in resource-based cities:Taking the grand canal ecologic and economic area as an example[J]. Geographical Research,2011,30(4):655-666.]
[7]	何英彬,陈佑启,杨鹏,等. 国外基于GIS土地适宜性评价研究进展及展望[J]. 地理科学进展,2009,28(6):898-904.
	[He Y B,Chen Y Q,Yang P,et al. An overview and perspective of alien land suitability evaluation study based on GIS technology[J]. Progress in Geography,2009,28(6):898-904.]
[8]	宗跃光,王蓉,汪成刚,等. 城市建设用地生态适宜性评价的潜力-限制性分析-以大连城市化区为例[J]. 地理研究,2007,26(6):1117-1126.
	[Zong Y G,Wang R,Wang C G,et al. Ecological suitability assessment on land use based on potential-constrain approach:The case of urbanized areas in Dalian city,China[J]. Geographical Research,2007,26(6):1117-1126.]
[9]	孔雪松,刘耀林,邓宣凯,等. 村镇农村居民点用地适宜性评价与整治分区规划[J]. 农业工程学报,2012,28(18):215-222.
	[Kong X S,Liu Y L,Deng X K,et al. Suitability evaluation and consolidation division of rural residential areas in villages and towns[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engi-neering,2012,28(18):215-222.]
[10]	陈逸,黄贤金,陈志刚,等. 中国各省域建设用地开发空间均衡度评价研究[J]. 地理科学,2012,32(12):1424-1429.
	[Chen Y,Huang X J,Chen Z G,et al. The spatial balance degree evaluation of construction land in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(12):1424-1429.]
[11]	桑玉昆,赵丹丹,蒋金亮,等. 基于功能用地适宜性的农业科技园区规划方案评价[J]. 农业工程学报,2014,30(10):217-224.
	[Sang Y K,Zhao D D,Jiang J L,et al. Evaluation of agricultural science park planning based on suitability of function land[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(10):217-224.]
[12]	赵亚莉,刘友兆. 城市土地开发强度差异及影响因素研究-基于222个地级及以上城市面板数据[J]. 资源科学,2013,35(2):380-387.
	[Zhao Y L,Liu Y Z.Diffidence and influencing factors of urban land development intensity across 222 cities in China[J]. Resources Science,2013,35(2):380-387.]
[13]	关小克,张凤荣,李乐,等. 北京市耕地后备资源开发适宜性评价[J]. 农业工程学报,2010,26(12):304-310.
	[Guan X K,Zhang F R,Li L,et al. Suitability evaluation of reserve resources of cultivated land development in Beijing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(12):304-310.]
[14]	金贵,王占岐,胡学东,等. 基于模糊证据权模型的青藏高原区土地适宜性评价[J]. 农业工程学报,2013,29(18):241-250.
	[Jin G,Wang Z Q,Hu X D,et al. Land suitability evaluation in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on fuzzy weight of evidence model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engi-neering,2013,29(18):241-250.]
[15]	丁建中,陈逸,陈雯. 基于生态-经济分析的泰州空间开发适宜性分区研究[J]. 地理科学,2008,28(6):842-848.
	[Ding J Z,Chen Y,Chen W.Regionalization of spatial feasible development on based analysis of eco-economy in Taizhou City[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(6):842-848.]
[16]	中华人民共和国国土资源部.中国国土资源公报2015[EB/OL].(2016-04)[2016-04-21]. http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201604/P020160421532279160618.pdf.
	[Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China. China Land and Resource Bulletin in2015[EB/OL]. (2016-04)[2016-04-21]. http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/tjxx/201604/02016042153227916061
	pdf.]
[17]	唐常春,孙威. 长江流域国土空间开发适宜性综合评价[J]. 地理学报,2012,67(12):1587-1598.
	[Tang C C,Sun W.Comprehensive evaluation of land spatial development suitability of the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(12):1587-1598.]
[18]	Hopkins L.Methods for generating land suitability maps:A comparative evaluation[J]. Journal for American Institute of Planners,1997,34(1):19-29.
[19]	石玉林,于贵瑞,王浩,等.中国生态环境安全态势分析与战略思考[J]. 资源科学,2015,37(7):1305-1313
	[Shi Y L,Yu G R,Wang H,et al. Assessment of China's ecological environment and strategic thinking[J]. Resources Science,2015,37(7):1305-1313.]
[20]	念沛豪,蔡玉梅,谢秀珍,等. 基于生态位理论的湖南省国土空间综合功能分区[J]. 资源科学,2014,36(9):1958-1968.
	[Nian P H,Cai Y M,Xie X Z,et al. Geographical space comprehensive function zoning in Hunan Province based on Niche Theory[J]. Resources Science,2014,36(9):1958-1968.]
[21]	蒙吉军,周平,艾木入拉,等. 鄂尔多斯主体功能区划分及其土地可持续利用模式分析[J]. 资源科学,2011,33(9):1674-1683.
	[Meng J J,Zhou P,Amrulla,et al. A study on major function-oriented zoning and sustainable land use patterns of Ordos[J]. Resources Science,2011,33(9):1674-1683.]
[22]	郑百龙,翁伯琦,周琼. 台湾“三生”农业发展历程及其借鉴[J]. 中国农业科技导报,2006,8(4):67-71.
	[Zheng B L,Weng B Q,Zhou Q.Development course and revelation of production-life-ecology agriculture in Taiwan[J]. Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology,2006,8(4):67-71.]
[23]	龙花楼. 论土地整治与乡村空间重构[J]. 地理学报,2013,68(8):1019-1028.
	[Long H L.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1019-1028.]
[24]	刘沛,段建南,王伟,等. 土地利用系统功能分类与评价体系研究[J]. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,36(1):113-118.
	[Liu P,Duan J N,Wang W,et al. Study on systems of the land-use system functional classification and evaluation[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences),2010,36(1):113-118.]
[25]	陈婧,史培军. 土地利用功能分类探讨[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(5):536-540.
	[Chen J,Shi P J.Discussion on functional land use classification system[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science),2005,41(5):536-540.]
[26]	金贵. 国土空间综合功能分区研究[D]. 武汉:中国地质大学,2014.
	[Jin G.Study on Comprehensive Function Regionalization of National Spatial Territory:A Case Study of Wuhan Metropolitan Area[D]. Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2014.]
[27]	马世发,黄宏源,蔡玉梅,等. 基于三生功能优化的国土空间综合分区理论框架[J]. 中国国土资源经济,2014,(11):31-34.
	[Ma S F,Huang H Y,Cai Y M,et al. Theoretical framework with regard to comprehensive sub-areas of China’s land spaces based on the functional optimization of production,life and ecology[J]. The Resources Administration and the Legal System,2014,(11):31-34.]
[28]	毕海洋,李波,南箔,等. 土地功能调控与生态政绩考核研究-以华阳河湖群地区为例[J]. 水土保持研究,2015,22(2):171-177.
	[Bi H Y,Li B,Nan B,et al. Study on land function regulation and ecological performance evaluation system of Huayang Lake group[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(2):171-177.]
[29]	李广东,方创琳. 城市生态-生产-生活空间功能定量识别与分析[J]. 地理学报,2016,71(1):49-65.
	[Li G D,Fang C L.Quantitative function identification and analysis of urban ecological-production-living spaces[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(1):49-65.]
[30]	张红旗,许尔琪,朱会义. 中国“三生用地”分类及其空间格局[J]. 资源科学,2015,37(7):1332-1338.
	[Zhang H Q,Xu E Q,Zhu H Y.An ecological-living-industrial land classification system and its spatial distribution in China[J]. Resources Science,2015,37(7):1332-1338.]
[31]	吕立刚,周生路,周兵兵,等.区域发展过程中土地利用转型及其生态环境响应研究-以江苏省为例[J]. 地理科学,2013,33(12):1442-1449.
	[Lv L G,Zhou S L,Zhou B B,et al. Land use transformation and its eco-environmental response in process of the regional development:A case study of Jiangsu Province[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(12):1442-1449.]
[32]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 21010-2007 土地利用现状分类[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
	[General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.GB/T 21010-2007 Land Use Classification[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007.]
[33]	中华人民共和国建设部.CJJ83-99 城市用地竖向规划规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
	[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. CJJ83-99 Code for Vertical Planning on Urban Field[S]. Beijing:China Building Industry Press,1999.]
[34]	喻忠磊,张文新,梁进社,等. 国土空间开发建设适宜性评价研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展,2015,34(9):1107-1122.
	[Yu Z L,Zhang W X,Liang J S,et al. Progress in evaluating suitability of spatial development and construction land[J]. Progress in Geography,2015,34(9):1107-1122.]

一级	二级	说明
生态空间	重点调节生态空间	水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、洪水调蓄、河岸防护及生物多样性保护用地,土地类型有林地、灌木林地、其他林地、其他草地、坑塘水面、沿海滩涂、内陆滩涂、沟渠与冰川及永久积雪
	一般调节生态空间	重点调节生态用地之外的有林地、灌木林地、其他林地、其他草地、坑塘水面、沿海滩涂、内陆滩涂、沟渠与冰川及永久积雪
	生态容纳空间	盐碱地、沼泽、沙地与裸地
生产空间	农业生产空间	水田、旱地、果园、茶园、其他园地、设施农用地与田坎
生产空间	工业生产空间	采矿用地
生活空间	城市生活空间	城市、建制镇、风景名胜及特殊用地、铁路、公路、机场、港口码头、管道运输、水库水面与水工建筑用地。
生活空间	农村生活空间	村庄、农村道路用地

本底约束		适宜性级别
本底约束		比较适宜	一般适宜	临界适宜	不适宜
地形条件	坡度	<5°	5°~15°	15°~25°	>25°
地质条件	地质灾害易发性	地质灾害不易发区	地质灾害低易发区	地质灾害中易发区	地质灾害高易发区

空间类型视角	适宜性级别
空间类型视角	比较适宜	一般适宜	临界适宜	不适宜
生态空间	-	盐碱地、沼泽、沙地与裸地	其他草地、坑塘水面、沿海滩涂、内陆滩涂、沟渠与冰川及永久积雪	水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、洪水调蓄、河岸防护及生物多样性保护用地、有林地、灌木林地、其他林地
生产空间	工矿用地	水田与旱地（基本农田范围之外）、设施农用地与田坎	水田与旱地（永久基本农田范围之外的基本农田）	水田与旱地（永久基本农田）、果园、茶园、其他园地
生活空间	城市、建制镇、铁路、公路、机场、港口码头、管道运输与水工建筑用地。	村庄、农村道路用地	-	风景名胜及特殊用地、水库水面

	比较适宜	一般适宜	临界适宜	不适宜
生态空间	0.00	0.45	24.99	74.57
生产空间	19.08	0.72	33.27	46.93
生活空间	74.91	15.88	0.00	9.21