资源科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (8): 1621-1633.doi: 10.18402/resci.2016.08.19
• • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2015-11-26
修回日期:
2016-03-29
出版日期:
2016-08-25
发布日期:
2016-08-25
作者简介:
作者简介:王凯,男,湖南新宁人,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事低碳经济、旅游发展与管理等研究。E-mail:
基金资助:
WANG Kai1,2(), LI Zhimiao1, YI Jing1
Received:
2015-11-26
Revised:
2016-03-29
Online:
2016-08-25
Published:
2016-08-25
摘要:
针对生态移民给搬迁农户所带来的生计影响,以遗产旅游地武陵源为例构建农户参与旅游业的生计可持续指标体系,对比分析武陵源移民户与非移民户旅游依赖生计资本和生计策略的差异;通过构建多元Logit模型探讨移民户和非移民户生计资本各因素对旅游依赖生计策略的影响。研究结果显示:①生态移民背景下移民户发展旅游更具生计资本上的优势,移民户和非移民户的人力资本均值分别为0.601和0.577;物质资本均值分别为0.488和0.442;金融资本均值分别为0.258和0.231;社会资本均值分别为0.469和0.393;②生态移民促使农户的生计策略更加多样化,但移民户的后期保障扶持措施不够深入,因而政府应加大对非移民户资金、技术等方面的支持,促使其就业多样化,加强风险抵御能力;针对移民户,政府应完善生态移民安置政策,监督移民补贴的发放和移民政策的执行;③人力资本和金融资本对移民户和非移民户生计策略的选择有显著影响,社会资本越多的移民户越倾向于选择旅游专营型生计策略,物质资本越多的非移民户越倾向于选择生计多样型生计策略,其中金融资本对农户旅游依赖生计策略影响最为显著,但其持有量目前最低,因此要使农户实现效用最大化,首要任务是完善农户援助与信贷制度,提高其金融资本。
王凯, 李志苗, 易静. 生态移民户与非移民户的生计对比——以遗产旅游地武陵源为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(8): 1621-1633.
WANG Kai,LI Zhimiao,YI Jing. Contrasting the livelihoods of immigrants and non-immigrants in the Wulingyuan world heritage area[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(8): 1621-1633.
表1
农户生计资本的测量指标、赋值及权重"
生计资本 | 测量指标(权重) | 赋值方法 |
---|---|---|
I1自然资本 (0.165) | I11景区生态资源稀有性(0.165) | 属世界上唯一或极特殊为1.00;属世界上少有或国内唯一为0.66;属全国少有为0.33;在国内外均不具特殊性为0 |
I12景区生态资源游憩价值(0.246) | 全部或其中一项观赏价值、游憩价值、使用价值:极高的为1.00;很高的为0.66;较高的为0.33;一般为0 | |
I13景区吸引度(0.324) | 在世界范围内知名为1.00;在全国范围内知名为0.66;在本省范围内知名为0.33;在本地区范围内知名为0 | |
I14 景区自然性(0.125) | 遗迹未受到或极少受到人为破坏为1.00;受到一定程度的破坏为0.66;受到比较明显的人为破坏为0.33;受到严重的人为破坏为0 | |
I15景区系统性和完整性(0.140) | 遗迹的形成过程和表观现象保存系统而完整,内容丰富多样为1.00;内容较为多样为0.66;保存不够系统完整为0.33;保存较少为0 | |
I2人力资本 | I21家庭人口规模(0.062) | 总人口 |
(0.464) | I22家庭成员受教育程度(0.380) | 文盲为0;小学及以下为0.25;初中或中专为0.50;高中或大专为0.75;本科及以上为1.00 |
I23家庭成员健康状况(0.380) | 残疾为0;重大疾病为0.25;患有慢性病为0.50;偶有小病为0.75;健康为1.00 | |
I24旅游业相关技能(0.178) | 无任何技能为0;具备简单技能为0.33;具备中等技能为0.66;具备高等技能为1.00 | |
I3物质资本 (0.198) | I31住房情况(0.250) | a.房屋面积:10间以上为1.00;8~10间为0.75;5~7间为0.50;2~4间为0.25;2间以下为0; b.房屋结构:混凝土为1.00;砖瓦为0.75;砖木为0.50;土木为0.25;草房为0; c.房屋年限:5年之内为1.00;5~10年为0.80;10~20年为0.60;20~30年为0.40;30年以上为0.20 |
I32家庭固定资本(0.750) | 农户所拥有资产的选项数占所有选项的比例 | |
I4金融资本 | I41 家庭年收入(0.623) | 家庭年收入 |
(0.116) | I42获得无偿现金援助的机会(0.137) | 有=1.00;无=0 |
I43获得信贷难易程度(0.240) | 非常困难为0;比较困难为0.25;一般为0.50;比较容易为0.75;非常容易为1.00 | |
I5社会资本 (0.057) | I51是否参与社区组织、居委会 工作(0.093) | 是=1.00;否=0 |
I52亲戚网络(0.525) | 村庄亲戚数量 | |
I53周围人对被调查者的信任(0.239) | 全部信任为1.00;大多数信任为0.75;一半信任为0.50;少数信任为0.25;几乎不信任为0 | |
I54对游客的欢迎程度(0.143) | 很欢迎为1.00;较欢迎为0.75;—般为0.50;不太欢迎为0.25;很不欢迎为0 |
表4
移民区与非移民区生计资本对比分析"
资本类型 | 测量指标 | 权重 | 测量指标值 | 资本数值 | T检验结果 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
移民户 | 非移民户 | 移民户 | 非移民户 | ||||
I2人力资本 | I21家庭人口规模 | 0.062 | 0.294 | 0.281 | 0.601 | 0.577 | -3.159** |
I22家庭成员受教育程度 | 0.380 | 0.501 | 0.460 | ||||
I23家庭成员健康状况 | 0.380 | 0.967 | 0.947 | ||||
I24旅游业相关技能 | 0.178 | 0.138 | 0.137 | ||||
I3物质资本 | I31住房情况 | 0.250 | 0.667 | 0.613 | 0.488 | 0.442 | -3.373** |
I32家庭固定资本 | 0.750 | 0.429 | 0.385 | ||||
I4金融资本 | I41 家庭年收入 | 0.623 | 0.095 | 0.068 | 0.258 | 0.231 | -2.234* |
I42获得无偿现金援助的机会 | 0.137 | 0.609 | 0.667 | ||||
I43获得信贷难易程度 | 0.240 | 0.481 | 0.407 | ||||
I5社会资本 | I51是否参与社区组织、居委会工作 | 0.093 | 0.132 | 0.128 | 0.469 | 0.393 | 2.057* |
I52亲戚网络 | 0.525 | 0.290 | 0.083 | ||||
I53周围人对被调查者的信任 | 0.239 | 0.697 | 0.824 | ||||
I54对游客的欢迎程度 | 0.143 | 0.967 | 0.981 |
表5
移民户与非移民户生计策略比较"
生计策略类型 | 非农务工型 | 生计多样型 | 旅游主导型 | 旅游专营型 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
移民户 | 非移民户 | 移民户 | 非移民户 | 移民户 | 非移民户 | 移民户 | 非移民户 | ||
农业 | 收入 | 88 | 0 | 1 348 | 67 | 2 154 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
比例 | 0.20 | 0 | 3.10 | 0.10 | 2.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
畜牧业 | 收入 | 818 | 0 | 0 | 1 000 | 103 | 3 847 | 0 | 0 |
比例 | 2.40 | 0 | 0 | 7.20 | 0 | 4.80 | 0 | 0 | |
旅游 | 收入 | 3 825 | 11 250 | 30 522 | 28 633 | 59 282 | 55 769 | 143 582 | 102 079 |
比例 | 4.30 | 10.20 | 43.50 | 41.40 | 62.10 | 64.90 | 93.10 | 92.70 | |
非农务工 | 收入 | 46 032 | 44 167 | 32 043 | 22 200 | 24 974 | 22 308 | 2 545 | 132 |
比例 | 75.30 | 62.40 | 44.20 | 27.00 | 25.40 | 26.50 | 3.30 | 0.10 | |
转移(补贴) | 收入 | 493 | 2 988 | 3 096 | 3 195 | 2594 | 3 034 | 2 378 | 3 557 |
比例 | 1.20 | 10.50 | 4.00 | 6.50 | 3.60 | 3.30 | 2.20 | 6.60 | |
其他收入 | 收入 | 12 807 | 9 167 | 4 522 | 13 333 | 1 974 | 384 | 1 818 | 592 |
比例 | 16.70 | 16.90 | 5.20 | 17.80 | 3.40 | 0.40 | 1.50 | 0.60 | |
户数及所占比例 | 户数 | 54 | 22 | 20 | 29 | 29 | 24 | 47 | 75 |
比例 | 36.00 | 14.67 | 13.33 | 19.33 | 19.33 | 16.00 | 31.33 | 50.00 |
表6
农户旅游依赖程度的M-Logit模型估计结果"
农户类型 | 特征变量 | 非农务工型 | 生计多样型 | 旅游主导型 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | 相对风险比 | 系数 | 相对风险比 | 系数 | 相对风险比 | ||
移民户 | 人力资本 | -0.056*** | 0.754 | -0.002 | 0.998 | -0.021* | 0.810 |
物质资本 | -0.007 | 1.007 | 0.017 | 1.017 | 0.002 | 1.002 | |
金融资本 | -0.036*** | 0.965 | -0.026*** | 0.975 | -0.024*** | 0.976 | |
社会资本 | -0.039** | 0.962 | -0.036* | 0.837 | -0.031* | 0.832 | |
非移民户 | 人力资本 | -0.044** | 0.957 | -0.049*** | 0.952 | -0.021 | 0.980 |
物质资本 | 0.032 | 1.033 | 0.037* | 1.037 | -0.018 | 1.018 | |
金融资本 | -0.025* | 0.975 | -0.076*** | 0.927 | -0.156** | 0.856 | |
社会资本 | -0.016 | 0.985 | -0.018 | 0.982 | -0.037 | 0.964 |
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