生态移民户与非移民户的生计对比——以遗产旅游地武陵源为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.08.19

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对生态移民给搬迁农户所带来的生计影响,以遗产旅游地武陵源为例构建农户参与旅游业的生计可持续指标体系,对比分析武陵源移民户与非移民户旅游依赖生计资本和生计策略的差异;通过构建多元Logit模型探讨移民户和非移民户生计资本各因素对旅游依赖生计策略的影响。研究结果显示:①生态移民背景下移民户发展旅游更具生计资本上的优势,移民户和非移民户的人力资本均值分别为0.601和0.577;物质资本均值分别为0.488和0.442;金融资本均值分别为0.258和0.231;社会资本均值分别为0.469和0.393;②生态移民促使农户的生计策略更加多样化,但移民户的后期保障扶持措施不够深入,因而政府应加大对非移民户资金、技术等方面的支持,促使其就业多样化,加强风险抵御能力;针对移民户,政府应完善生态移民安置政策,监督移民补贴的发放和移民政策的执行;③人力资本和金融资本对移民户和非移民户生计策略的选择有显著影响,社会资本越多的移民户越倾向于选择旅游专营型生计策略,物质资本越多的非移民户越倾向于选择生计多样型生计策略,其中金融资本对农户旅游依赖生计策略影响最为显著,但其持有量目前最低,因此要使农户实现效用最大化,首要任务是完善农户援助与信贷制度,提高其金融资本。

关键词: 遗产旅游地, 可持续生计, 旅游依赖, 多元Logit, 武陵源

Abstract:

Given that ecological resettlement has a far reaching effect on household livelihood,we constructed a sustainable livelihoods index system of ecological relocation households in the Wulingyuan world heritage area. We analyzed differences in households’ livelihoods between immigrant households and non-immigrant households and changes with respect to the dependence degree on tourism. A logit model was built to investigate how different livelihood capital factors affect immigrant and non-immigrant livelihood strategies,dependent on tourism. We found that compared with non-immigrant households' stock level of livelihood capitals, those of ecological migration household is more advantageous in the context of ecological migration project. The mean human capital of immigrant and non-immigrant households was 0.601 and 0.577,physical capital was 0.488 and 0.442,financial capital was 0.258 and 0.231,and social capital was 0.469 and 0.393,respectively. Ecological migration makes households' livelihood strategies more diverse. However, immigrant households' follow-up supportive measures for production are not adequate. Therefore, more capital and technology should be applied to variety in employment patterns of non-immigrant households. The government should perfect ecological migration project and supervise the provision of subsidies timely aiming at immigrant households. Human and financial capital are significant for immigrant and non-immigrant’s livelihood strategies. Immigrants who own better social capital are more likely to choose tourism-dominant livelihood strategies. The more material capital non-immigrants have,the more opportunity they have to choose tourism-dominant livelihood strategies. Financial capital is the lowest but has the most impact on households’ livelihoods strategies dependent on tourism. Perfecting the system of aid and credit system to improve financial capital is imperative.

Key words: heritage tourism destination, sustainable livelihood, tourism dependence, multivariate logit, Wulingyuan world heritage area

王凯, 李志苗, 易静. 生态移民户与非移民户的生计对比——以遗产旅游地武陵源为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(8): 1621-1633.

WANG Kai,LI Zhimiao,YI Jing. Contrasting the livelihoods of immigrants and non-immigrants in the Wulingyuan world heritage area[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(8): 1621-1633.

图/表 7

表1

农户生计资本的测量指标、赋值及权重"

生计资本	测量指标（权重）	赋值方法
I₁自然资本（0.165）	I₁₁景区生态资源稀有性（0.165）	属世界上唯一或极特殊为1.00;属世界上少有或国内唯一为0.66;属全国少有为0.33;在国内外均不具特殊性为0
	I₁₂景区生态资源游憩价值（0.246）	全部或其中一项观赏价值、游憩价值、使用价值:极高的为1.00;很高的为0.66;较高的为0.33;一般为0
	I₁₃景区吸引度（0.324）	在世界范围内知名为1.00;在全国范围内知名为0.66;在本省范围内知名为0.33;在本地区范围内知名为0
	I₁₄ 景区自然性（0.125）	遗迹未受到或极少受到人为破坏为1.00;受到一定程度的破坏为0.66;受到比较明显的人为破坏为0.33;受到严重的人为破坏为0
	I₁₅景区系统性和完整性（0.140）	遗迹的形成过程和表观现象保存系统而完整,内容丰富多样为1.00;内容较为多样为0.66;保存不够系统完整为0.33;保存较少为0
I₂人力资本	I₂₁家庭人口规模（0.062）	总人口
（0.464）	I₂₂家庭成员受教育程度（0.380）	文盲为0;小学及以下为0.25;初中或中专为0.50;高中或大专为0.75;本科及以上为1.00
	I₂₃家庭成员健康状况（0.380）	残疾为0;重大疾病为0.25;患有慢性病为0.50;偶有小病为0.75;健康为1.00
	I₂₄旅游业相关技能（0.178）	无任何技能为0;具备简单技能为0.33;具备中等技能为0.66;具备高等技能为1.00
I₃物质资本（0.198）	I₃₁住房情况（0.250）	a.房屋面积:10间以上为1.00;8~10间为0.75;5~7间为0.50;2~4间为0.25;2间以下为0; b.房屋结构:混凝土为1.00;砖瓦为0.75;砖木为0.50;土木为0.25;草房为0; c.房屋年限:5年之内为1.00;5~10年为0.80;10~20年为0.60;20~30年为0.40;30年以上为0.20
	I₃₂家庭固定资本（0.750）	农户所拥有资产的选项数占所有选项的比例
I₄金融资本	I₄₁ 家庭年收入（0.623）	家庭年收入
（0.116）	I₄₂获得无偿现金援助的机会（0.137）	有=1.00;无=0
	I₄₃获得信贷难易程度（0.240）	非常困难为0;比较困难为0.25;一般为0.50;比较容易为0.75;非常容易为1.00
I₅社会资本（0.057）	I₅₁是否参与社区组织、居委会工作（0.093）	是=1.00;否=0
	I₅₂亲戚网络（0.525）	村庄亲戚数量
	I₅₃周围人对被调查者的信任（0.239）	全部信任为1.00;大多数信任为0.75;一半信任为0.50;少数信任为0.25;几乎不信任为0
	I₅₄对游客的欢迎程度（0.143）	很欢迎为1.00;较欢迎为0.75;—般为0.50;不太欢迎为0.25;很不欢迎为0

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参考文献 43

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农户类型	划分指标
农户类型	谋生方式	家庭主要收入来源	主要劳动力投入
非农务工型	外出务工为主	外出务工收入>60%	外出务工活动
生计多样型	旅游业、外出务工、家庭副业等	无主要收入来源	旅游经营、外出务工、家庭副业、个体运输、经商等
旅游主导型	旅游业为主,外出务工、家庭副业为辅	60%<旅游业<90%	旅游经营和外出务工
旅游专营型	旅游业为主	旅游业>90%	经营家庭旅馆、旅游商店

因子	项目	因子载荷	特征值	贡献率/%
因子	项目	因子载荷	特征值	方差	累计
人力资本	I₂₁	0.830	2.410	21.905	21.905
	I₂₂	0.706
	I₂₃	0.542
	I₂₄	0.581
物质资本	I₃₁	0.752	1.648	14.980	36.885
物质资本	I₃₂	0.695	1.648	14.980	36.885
金融资本	I₄₁	0.595	1.410	12.814	49.700
	I₄₂	0.725
	I₄₃	0.720
社会资本	I₅₁	0.612	1.044	9.494	59.194
	I₅₂	0.689
	I₅₃	0.792
	I₅₄	0.799

生计策略类型		非农务工型		生计多样型		旅游主导型		旅游专营型
生计策略类型		移民户	非移民户	移民户	非移民户	移民户	非移民户	移民户	非移民户
农业	收入	88	0	1 348	67	2 154	0	18	0
	比例	0.20	0	3.10	0.10	2.50	0	0	0
畜牧业	收入	818	0	0	1 000	103	3 847	0	0
	比例	2.40	0	0	7.20	0	4.80	0	0
旅游	收入	3 825	11 250	30 522	28 633	59 282	55 769	143 582	102 079
	比例	4.30	10.20	43.50	41.40	62.10	64.90	93.10	92.70
非农务工	收入	46 032	44 167	32 043	22 200	24 974	22 308	2 545	132
	比例	75.30	62.40	44.20	27.00	25.40	26.50	3.30	0.10
转移（补贴）	收入	493	2 988	3 096	3 195	2594	3 034	2 378	3 557
	比例	1.20	10.50	4.00	6.50	3.60	3.30	2.20	6.60
其他收入	收入	12 807	9 167	4 522	13 333	1 974	384	1 818	592
	比例	16.70	16.90	5.20	17.80	3.40	0.40	1.50	0.60
户数及所占比例	户数	54	22	20	29	29	24	47	75
	比例	36.00	14.67	13.33	19.33	19.33	16.00	31.33	50.00

农户类型	特征变量	非农务工型		生计多样型		旅游主导型
农户类型	特征变量	系数	相对风险比	系数	相对风险比	系数	相对风险比
移民户	人力资本	-0.056***	0.754	-0.002	0.998	-0.021*	0.810
	物质资本	-0.007	1.007	0.017	1.017	0.002	1.002
	金融资本	-0.036***	0.965	-0.026***	0.975	-0.024***	0.976
	社会资本	-0.039**	0.962	-0.036*	0.837	-0.031*	0.832
非移民户	人力资本	-0.044**	0.957	-0.049***	0.952	-0.021	0.980
	物质资本	0.032	1.033	0.037*	1.037	-0.018	1.018
	金融资本	-0.025*	0.975	-0.076***	0.927	-0.156**	0.856
	社会资本	-0.016	0.985	-0.018	0.982	-0.037	0.964