自然灾害型景观游客体验的感知差异分析

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.08.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自然灾害型景观的游客体验能够为此类资源的旅游开发和管理提供一定的理论借鉴。本文运用探索性因子分析判定北川地震景观游客体验维度,同时揭示了游客体验整体均值的时空差异,并利用非参数检验揭示其社会属性和空间差异,相关研究结论可以为灾害型景观资源管理及其可持续利用提供一定的借鉴作用。研究结果显示：①自然灾害型景观游客体验可从情感和认知两方面解释,具体包括道德型、个人型、教育型以及学习型体验;②同情等道德体验是自然灾害型景观游客体验的主基调,且并未因游客性别、职业和受教育程度等影响产生组别间的差异性,一定程度上说明游客受灾害型景观的影响更易产生情感体验,且不同组别和不同客源地的游客对教育型体验相关选项均给予较高的赋值;③自然灾害型景观游客体验存在时空差异,情感和认知体验均随时间产生了一定的变化,且灾害发生地（四川）游客有着更为强烈的情感和认知认同,其中除个人型体验外,四川省内样本中各维度灾害型景观体验均值高于非四川游客,且个人型和教育型体验在受教育程度上呈现出一定的区域差异,而学习型体验分别在性别和受教育程度上存在显著的地域差异性。

关键词: 自然灾害型景观, 黑色旅游, 游客体验, 探索性因子分析, 北川地震遗址

Abstract:

Tourists' experiences of the landscapes after natural disaster can provide some theoretical references to exploit and manage such tourism resources. Here,we measured dimensions of tourists’ experiences and differences for Beichuan earthquake relics empirically. Demographic and regional differences in tourist experiences were also explored using non-parametric tests to provide some references for the management of tourism resources related to disaster or death. We found that dark tourist experiences can be understood from emotional and cognitive experiences,containing experiences of morality,person,education and knowledge. According to human-land relationships,post-disaster tourism destinations may evoke moral experiences in which feelings of sympathy are the main theme. The gender,profession and education of tourists did not influence their moral experience. In some senses,tourists are affected by disaster landscapes and more likely to generate emotional experiences （judging from mean value）. There are certain temporal and regional differences in the tourist experience of post-disaster destinations and both emotional and cognitive experiences show changes over time. Tourists coming from Sichuan province have a more intense emotional and cognitive identity with the post-disaster tourism destination. In addition to personal experience,the landscape experience of people from Sichuan was higher than for people from outside Sichuan. Certain regional differences exist among tourists with different levels of education regarding personal and educational experience. Significant regional differences in learning experience are represented among tourists who have different levels of gender and level of education.

Key words: post-disaster landscape, dark tourism, tourists’ experience, exploratory factor analysis, Beichuan earthquake ruins

颜丙金, 张捷, 李莉, 彭红松, 郑春晖, 钱莉莉. 自然灾害型景观游客体验的感知差异分析[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(8): 1465-1475.

YAN Bingjin,ZHANG Jie,LI Li,PENG Hongsong,ZHENG Chunhui,QIAN Lili. Differences in tourists’ experiences of post-disaster landscapes[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(8): 1465-1475.

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	评价项目	频数	比例/%		评价项目	频数	比例/%
性别	男	309	52.82	受教育程度	小学及以下	28	4.79
	女	276	47.18		初中	123	21.03
年龄/岁	≤14	14	2.39		高中/中专	162	27.69
	15~24	125	21.37		专科/本科	239	40.85
	25~44	351	60.00		硕士及以上	33	5.64
	45~64	86	14.70	职业	公务员	26	4.44
	≥65	9	1.54		企事业管理人员	65	11.11
月收入/元	≤1 500	177	30.26		专业/文教技术人员	61	10.43
	1 501~3 500	188	32.14		服务销售商贸人员	89	15.21
	3 501~5 000	133	22.74		工人	62	10.60
	5 001~8 000	53	9.06		农民	63	10.77
	8 001~12 500	19	3.25		军人	9	1.54
	≥12 501	15	2.56		学生	74	12.65
客源地	四川省	421	71.97		离退休职工	15	2.56
	非四川省	164	28.03		其他职业人员	121	20.68
				样本总计		585

	序号	题项	道德	个人	教育	学习	均值	方差	总体相关系数
道德型	EXP₁₁	同情逝去的同胞	0.821（0.820）				4.712	0.364	0.619
体验	EXP₁₀	体会到幸存者和经历者伤痛	0.788（0.780）				4.590	0.494	0.559
因子	EXP₁₂	同情地震幸存者和经历者	0.768（0.770）				4.649	0.347	0.534
个人型	EXP₇	相比下自己没有亲朋好友遭难		0.858（0.858）			3.774	1.733	0.609
体验	EXP₈	相比下自己没有灾难的经历		0.848（0.848）			4.065	1.480	0.644
因子	EXP₉	相比下自己的生活很幸福		0.648（0.648）			4.443	0.615	0.455
教育型	EXP₁	一方有难八方支援理念很重要			0.932（0.926）		3.960	1.581	0.788
体验	EXP₂	防灾减灾意识很重要			0.920（0.913）		3.939	1.467	0.772
因子	EXP₃	建筑物抗震级别很重要			0.662（0.642）		4.171	1.219	0.529
学习型	EXP₅	地震的伤亡很大				0.880（0.827）	4.606	0.426	0.429
体验	EXP₆	地震的后果很严重				0.709（0.741）	4.312	0.848	0.428
因子	EXP₄	地震的级别很高	（0.522）	（0.037）	（0.015）	（0.613）	-	-	-
		特征值	3.12（3.470）	2.29（2.450）	1.32（1.320）	1.04（1.070）
		方差贡献率（%）	28.36（28.880）	20.82（20.380）	11.96（11.010）	9.41（8.900）
		Cronbach’ α	0.741	0.724	0.830	0.657

体验维度	2012年（n=292）	2014年（n=293）	四川省（n=421）	非四川省（n=164）	整体均值	标准方差
道德相关体验	4.63	4.67	4.66	4.63	4.65	0.51
个人相关体验	4.09	4.11	4.09	4.11	4.10	0.91
教育功能体验	3.95	4.69	4.33	4.28	4.31	0.76
学习功能体验	3.17	4.73	4.00	3.82	3.95	1.18

组别	省份	统计指数	道德	个人	教育	学习
性别	四川	Z值	-0.308	-0.392	-1.383	-1.810
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.385	0.349	0.081	0.035*
	非四川	Z值	-0.520	-0.220	-1.496	-1.149
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.305	0.411	0.069	0.126
年龄	四川	卡方值	53.955	69.300	57.526	50.747
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.479	0.055	0.333	0.624
	非四川	卡方值	40.499	30.217	48.768	48.276
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.675	0.986	0.233	0.250
月收入	四川	卡方值	5.775	3.968	4.267	5.431
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.330	0.563	0.512	0.367
	非四川	卡方值	3.617	1.798	2.443	2.836
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.614	0.881	0.793	0.722
职业	四川	卡方值	8.586	8.372	19.227	5.761
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.484	0.504	0.022*	0.774
	非四川	卡方值	3.885	3.955	23.512	10.982
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.927	0.921	0.003**	0.276
教育程度	四川	卡方值	4.871	4.306	12.271	9.448
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.303	0.365	0.017*	0.046*
	非四川	卡方值	4.539	12.566	4.520	3.225
		Monte Carlo 显著性	0.341	0.009	0.354	0.532