基于农业环保型技术的农户生计资产评估及差异性分析——以湖北武汉、随州农业废弃物循环利用技术为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.05.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前农业生产面临新挑战与新机遇,农户人力、自然、物质、金融、社会与心理资产也随之变化。鉴于此,本文以改进的DFID可持续生计分析框架为理论依据,选取23个农户生计资产指标,采用主观实地调研修正权重与客观熵值法确权相结合的方法,对湖北省农户的六维生计资产进行了量化评估及差异性分析。研究发现:①农户生计总资产差异性显著,极差高达5.06倍;农户分维资产分布不均,且差异明显;②纯农户、一兼农户、二兼农户与非农户生计总资产分布不均,且极差较大,但兼业农户的生计总资产高于纯农户;③不同类型农户的分维生计资产优劣不同,人力、社会与心理资产方面,一兼农户与非农户占优;物质资产方面,纯农户与二兼农户具有明显优势;金融资产方面,非农户与二兼农户占优;自然资产方面,一兼农户与纯农户具有明显优势;④不同类型农户的分维心理资产存在明显差异,一兼农户与纯农户的自信指数较高,非农户与一兼农户幸福感指数略高,纯农户与一兼农户能较为直观且客观的对环境感知给出评价,且评价值相近,纯农户与非农户的韧性指数较高,兼业化农户与非农户容易受到风险因素的影响。

关键词: 农业环保型技术, 废弃物循环利用技术, 生计资产评估, 农户兼业化, 熵值法, 湖北省

Abstract:

Across China,agricultural production faces new challenges and opportunities. The people,nature,materials,financial,social and psychological assets of farming communities are changing. Here,we took the modified sustainable livelihood framework of DFID （The Department for International Development）as our basis,selected 23 indicators of household livelihood assets to assess six kinds of livelihood assets using a combination of subjective and objective methods and analyzed differences for farming communities in Hubei,China. We found that there was a significant difference in total livelihood assets and the range was up to 5.06 times. The six kinds of livelihoods assets showed an uneven distribution with distinct differences. Although there was an unbalanced distribution and prominent differences between full time farmers （farmers whose agricultural incomes to total income is over 95%）,I farmers （farmers whose proportion of agricultural income is more than 50%）,II farmers （farmers whose non-farm income surpasses 50%）and non-farmers （non-farm incomes of farmers over 95%）,the degree of part-time farming was positively correlated with total assets. Livelihood assets of different kinds of farmers showed various advantages and disadvantages. For example,for human,social and psychological assets,I farmers and non-farmers had a significant advantage; for material assets,full time farmers and II farmers showed a distinct preponderance;for financial assets,non-farmers and II farmers had an obvious superiority;and for nature assets,I farmers and full time farmers had an significant superiority. There were differences in the five indexes of psychological asset:I farmers and full time farmers had a high confidence index;non-farmers and I farmers had slightly more happiness; full time farmers and I farmers could provide a more intuitive and objective evaluation and they had a similar evaluation value;full time farmers and non-farmers had a high toughness index;and I farmers,II farmers and non-farmers were easily influenced by risk factors.

Key words: agricultural environmental protection technology, waste recycling technology, livelihood assets evaluation, part-time farming, entropy value methods, Hubei Province

陈祺琪, 张俊飚, 蒋磊, 程琳琳. 基于农业环保型技术的农户生计资产评估及差异性分析——以湖北武汉、随州农业废弃物循环利用技术为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(5): 888-899.

CHEN Qiqi,ZHANG Junbiao,JIANG Lei,CHENG Linlin. Assessment and variance analysis on the farmers’ livelihood assets based on the agricultural environmental protection technology:Illustrated by the agricultural waste recycling technology in Wuhan and Suizhou of Hubei Province[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(5): 888-899.

图/表 7

表1

农户类型划分情况"

类型	家庭收入比重结构 /%	样本数	占总样本比重 /%
纯农户	100 $≥$ 农业收入>95	66	16.79
一兼农户	95 $≥$ 农业收入 $≥$ 50	68	17.30
二兼农户	95 $≥$ 非农业收入>50	213	54.20
非农户	100 $≥$ 非农业收入>95	46	11.71

表1

图1

表2

变量的具体含义及权重"

资产类型	指标	指标含义及赋值	调查修正权重	熵值法修正权重	最终权重
人力资产	受教育程度	1=小学以下,2=小学,3=初中,4=高中/中专,5=大专及以上	0.400 0	0.486 3	0.443 1
	家庭劳动力数量	家庭实际劳动力数量/人	0.350 0	0.257 4	0.303 7
	农业生产经验	农民实际务农年限/年	0.250 0	0.256 3	0.253 2
自然资产	水源	村里是否具有河流/水库:0=否,1=是	0.300 0	0.238 9	0.269 4
	耕地面积	2011年家庭总耕地面积/hm²	0.400 0	0. 488 4	0.444 2
	土地利用结构	0=不种地,1=旱地,2=旱地比重大于水田比重,3=水田比重大于旱地,4=水田	0.300 0	0.272 8	0.286 4
物质资产	道路	最近公路离家距离/m	0.200 0	0.322 7	0.261 3
	供水	生活饮水来源:0=其他,1=地下水,2=地下水与自来水,3=自来水	0.100 0	0.286 6	0.193 3
	废弃物处理设施	村里是否具有废弃物集中处理设施:0=否,1=是	0.250 0	0.076 9	0.163 4
	信息化	农户固定电话/手机/有线电视/网络使用情况:0=无,1= 1种,2=2种,3= 3~4种	0.250 0	0.132 8	0.191 4
	市场条件	距离最近集镇/市场的距离/m	0.200 0	0.181 2	0.190 6
金融资产	家庭纯收入	2011年家庭纯收入/万元	0.400 0	0.303 9	0.351 9
	家庭非农收入	2011年家庭非农收入/万元	0.350 0	0.507 7	0.428 8
	技术经济基础	具有废弃物循环利用技术的经济条件:1=完全不同意,2=不太同意,3=一般,4=比较同意,5=非常同意	0.250 0	0.188 4	0.219 2
社会资产	专业合作组织	是否加入农民专业合作社组织:0=否,1=是	0.300 0	0.613 5	0.456 8
	政府补贴政策	政府对农户采用农业废弃物循环利用技术的补贴额度（每月）:0=0元,1=1~50元,2=51~100元,3=101元及其以上	0.250 0	0.068 4	0.159 2
	公共服务完善程度	您周围的垃圾及生活污水是否得到有效的处理:0=否,1=是	0.200 0	0.279 1	0.239 6
	信任程度	得分（0~8分）	0.250 0	0.039 0	0.144 5
心理资产	自信指数	得分（0~8分）	0.180 0	0.135 1	0.157 5
	幸福感指数	得分（0~6分）	0.220 0	0.032 8	0.126 4
	环境感知指数	得分（0~6分）	0.210 0	0.265 1	0.237 6
	韧性指数	得分（0~4分）	0.190 0	0.448 2	0.319 1
	风险意识	有否风险决定我是否对农业废弃物进行循环利用的重要原因:1=完全不同意,2=不太同意,3= 一般,4=比较同意,5=非常同意	0.200 0	0.118 8	0.159 4

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

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农户类型资产类型		人力资产	自然资产	物质资产	金融资产	社会资产	心理资产	总资产
纯农户	最大值	0.401 6	0.777 9	0.889 5	0.300 1	1.213 0	0.460 4	2.424 7
	最小值	0.114 2	0.078 1	0.040 8	0.000 0	0.020 6	0.067 1	0.615 8
	均值	0.255 5	0.294 3	0.257 6	0.088 5	0.238 6	0.247 3	1.381 6
一兼农户	最大值	0.380 9	0.917 6	0.461 2	0.639 4	1.219 9	0.414 6	3.116 1
	最小值	0.138 9	0.121 7	0.060 2	0.037 0	0.013 7	0.099 8	0.891 4
	均值	0.267 1	0.328 0	0.250 0	0.201 8	0.276 3	0.262 9	1.586 0
二兼农户	最大值	0.432 1	0.633 6	0.580 5	1.287 3	1.226 7	0.453 1	3.058 1
	最小值	0.069 4	0.051 7	0.018 3	0.050 3	0.013 7	0.056 1	0.843 8
	均值	0.248 7	0.240 8	0.257 5	0.291 6	0.243 6	0.253 0	1.535 2
非农户	最大值	0.493 7	0.285 1	0.425 2	1.125 5	1.219 9	0.416 2	2.936 8
	最小值	0.124 9	0.000 0	0.066 5	0.107 9	0.013 7	0.116 5	0.923 7
	均值	0.260 7	0.151 9	0.242 6	0.398 5	0.295 4	0.259 0	1.579 0