塔里木盆地生态用地分类及其时空变化研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.05.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

西北干旱区生态用地能有效防治和减缓土地荒漠化的发生、发展,对维护绿洲稳定和生态安全具有重要作用。本研究以塔里木盆地为例,构建西北干旱区生态用地分类系统,研发基于多源数据、适合大尺度的生态用地提取技术,获得1980s末、2000年和2010年三期生态用地空间分布图,分析了不同类型生态用地的规模、空间分布及时空动态特征。研究表明:①2010年塔里木盆地生态用地面积为10.77万km²,其中人工绿洲型、荒漠植被型、天然绿洲型、盐碱型和湿地型生态用地面积分别占到生态用地总面积的11.23%、59.61%、14.67%、9.66%和4.92%,且具有明显的流域分布特征:塔里木河干流、克里雅河诸小河、车尔臣河诸小河、和田河流域和开都-孔雀河流域（开-孔河流域）的荒漠植被型生态用地和天然绿洲型生态用地占主体,其余流域的人工绿洲型生态用地和盐碱型生态用地面积比例较高;②1980s末-2010年期间生态用地净减少9769.05km²,荒漠植被型生态用地和天然绿洲型生态用地分别减少1.19万km²和1612.65km²,其它类型生态用地增加;③生态环境相对脆弱的流域以生态用地转为荒漠为主,占转移面积的55%以上,而绿洲农业发达的流域以人工绿洲型生态用地转为耕地为主,占转移面积的50%以上;④1980s末-2000年和2000-2010年两个时段变化特征因生态用地类型和流域而异。人类活动是区域生态用地变化的主要驱动力,人工绿洲的扩张和生态用地的荒漠化是生态用地面积减少的主要原因。

关键词: 生态用地, 分类系统, 时空变化, 塔里木盆地

Abstract:

Ecological land use can provide effective control and alleviation of desertification,which is important for oasis stability and ecological security in arid Northwestern China. Taking Tarim Basin as a case study,we established a classification system of ecological land use for arid Northwestern China and developed an algorithm to map ecological land use classification using multi-source datasets at large scales. Spatial distribution maps of ecological land use were obtained for the late 1980s,2000 and 2010. The area,spatial pattern,and spatio-temporal dynamic characteristic of different ecological land use types were analyzed. Ecological land use in the Tarim Basin was 10.77×10⁴km² in 2010,with the proportions of artificial-oasis,desert-vegetation,native-oasis,saline,and wetland types of ecological land use at 11.23%,59.61%,14.67%,9.66%,and 4.92%,respectively. The spatial distribution of different ecological land use types showed obvious differences among nine watersheds. For the main streams of the Tarim River,Keriya River Basin,Qarqan River Basin,Hotan River Basin,and Kaidu-Kongque River Basin,desert-vegetation and native-oasis types were the major ecological land uses. Whereas,for the Aksu River Basin,Weigan River Basin,Kashgar River Basin,and Yarkand River Basin （all with advanced irrigation agriculture）,large areas of artificial-oasis type and saline type of ecological land use were present. Ecological land use decreased 9769.05km² from the late 1980s to 2010,with a decrease in desert-vegetation type and native-vegetation type of ecological land use and increase in other types of ecological land use. For watersheds dominated by fragile ecosystem conditions,ecological land use was mainly converted to desert,accounting for over 55% of the total area of ecological land use transformation,while for the watersheds dominated by advanced oasis agriculture,artificial-oasis ecological land use converted to arable land was the major type,accounting for over 50% of the total area of ecological land use transformation. For the two periods （late 1980s-2000 and 2000-2010）,spatial dynamics varied with watersheds and ecological land use types. Ecological land use changes were driven by human activities. The decrease in ecological land use was due to the expansion of artificial oases and its degradation.

Key words: ecological land use, classification system, spatio-temporal dynamics, Tarim Basin

刘芳, 张红旗. 塔里木盆地生态用地分类及其时空变化研究[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(5): 825-836.

LIU Fang,ZHANG Hongqi. Ecological land use mapping and spatio-temporal dynamics in the Tarim Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(5): 825-836.

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一级分类	二级分类	三级分类	构成要素	功能
人工型生态用地	人工绿洲型生态用地	人工林地	人工绿洲内部和边缘的林地,包括农田防护林、护路林和绿洲外围的防护林地	防风治沙,改善绿洲内部生态环境质量
		人工草地	人工绿洲内的草地,包括公共草地、防护绿地和庭院绿地	改善绿洲内部生态环境质量
		蓄水区	人工修建的水库坑塘	生物多样性保护,防风抗洪,净化水质,调节局地小气候
自然型生态用地	天然绿洲型生态用地	荒漠河岸林	疏林地和有林地:以胡杨、柽柳、灰杨和沙拐枣为主	生物多样性保护;防止沙丘活化;水源涵养
		河谷林	分布在河流两岸,平原河谷内闭郁度大于30%的有林地,以阔叶落叶乔木为主
		平原低地草甸	平原低地盐化草甸、低地沼泽化草甸、低地湿地草甸和沼泽类草地
		其它林草地	天然绿洲的其它林草地	防风固沙
	湿地型生态用地	河流湖泊	河流、湖泊天然水体	生物多样性,防止湖底河底盐尘的裸露,提供绿洲农业所需要的水源
	湿地型生态用地	滩地沼泽	滩地和沼泽	生物多样性保护
	荒漠植被型生态用地	过渡带林草地	过渡带的林草地	防风固沙,削弱风力
	荒漠植被型生态用地	荒漠林草地	荒漠中的植被	固定沙丘,避免成为沙尘暴的策源地
	盐碱型生态用地	干排盐地	农田排出的盐分聚集地;绿洲外围低洼处的盐碱地	农田生态系统排除盐碱的汇合地,解决绿洲盐渍化的重要途径