湖北省猪粪管理温室气体减排潜力分析

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.03.18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

畜禽粪便是农业温室气体排放的主要来源之一,合理的粪便管理方式可以降低温室气体排放,同时还能减少畜牧业环境污染.本文以湖北省为案例,通过对不同生猪养殖规模的调研,确定各自适宜的粪便处理模式.以IPCC(2006)中计算畜禽粪便温室气体排放的方法为基础,分析生猪粪便温室气体排放因子的现状和优化值,预测由粪便管理模式改进所带来的减排潜力.结果表明,在2012年的养殖规模和养殖模式不变的情况下,粪便管理优化后CH₄排放因子仅为现状值的29.12%,N₂O排放因子比现状减少34.13%,温室气体减排潜力可以达到468.31万t CO₂-eq.不同养殖规模减排重点各有侧重,农户散养应以控制CH₄排放为主,而规模养殖则需关注N₂O减排.山区的减排重点为农户散养,其它地区则应关注规模养殖粪便管理模式的优化.结合区域自然条件和生猪养殖规模等选取合理的猪粪管理方式,是实现温室气体减排的有效措施.

关键词: 生猪粪便管理, 温室气体排放, 减排潜力, 养殖规模, 湖北省

Abstract:

Livestock manure is one of the main sources of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions. Proper management of livestock manure can reduce GHG emissions and mitigate environmental pollution at the same time; however,the mitigation potential of optimal livestock manure management is not clearly stated. In order to estimate the mitigation potential of pig manure management,Hubei province in China is used as a demonstration place. Based on field surveys and natural conditions,the appropriate manure management mode for each farming scale in Hubei is chosen. The protocols for estimating GHG emission factors proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)is used to analyze current GHG emission factors and optimal scenarios for pig manure management,and then predict the mitigation potential of GHG emissions. Under optimized pig manure management,for the same farming scales and patterns in 2012,4 683ktCO₂-eq of GHG emissions could be reduced in Hubei. Meanwhile,the methane (CH₄)emission factor reduced to 29.12% of the current value and the nitrous oxide (N₂O)emission factor decreased 34.13% compared to current values. In order to reduce GHG emissions,manure management for scatter-fed pigs should control CH₄ emissions and scale farming should focus on reducing N₂O emissions. The most effective measure to reduce GHG emissions in mountain areas in western Hubei is to adjust manure management for scatter-fed pigs and in other regions is to optimize manure management for scale farming pigs. Appropriately selected pig manure management combined with regional natural conditions and breeding scales is an effective means to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions.

Key words: pig manure management, greenhouse gas emission, mitigation potential, farming scale, Hubei

杨璐, 李夏菲, 于书霞, 刘微, 胡荣桂. 湖北省猪粪管理温室气体减排潜力分析[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(3): 557-564.

YANG Lu,LI Xiafei,YU Shuxia,LIU Wei,HU Ronggui. The mitigation potential of greenhouse gas emissions from pig manure management in Hubei[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(3): 557-564.

图/表 8

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

不同优化猪粪管理模式的温室气体排放因子"

	山地自然消解	每天散施	家猪厚垫草	固体储存	蓄粪池	堆肥	无氧发酵与沼气工程联用
CH₄排放因子kgCH₄/(头 $?$ 年)	3.990	1.330	7.980	10.640	7.980	1.330	2.660
N₂O排放因子kgN₂O/(头 $?$ 年)	0.070	0.070	0.298	0.156	0.065	0.179	0.011

表5

表6

不同情景下猪粪管理温室气体综合排放因子"

	现状值	优化值
CH₄排放因子kgCH₄/(头 $?$ 年)	6.73	1.96
N₂O排放因子kgN₂O/(头 $?$ 年)	0.167	0.110

表6

Table 7

图1

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项目	具体参数	数据来源
全省生猪粪便管理现状	农户散养猪粪管理现状	农户调研,专家咨询,文献资料^[22-25]
全省生猪粪便管理现状	规模养殖场猪粪管理现状	地方政府调研(2013年地方数据)
全省生猪养殖现状	生猪存栏量	湖北省农村统计年鉴^[26],中国畜牧业年鉴^[27]
全省生猪养殖现状	生猪不同规模养殖比重	湖北省农村统计年鉴^[26]
减排潜力估算参数	VS,B₀,MCF₍_S_,_k₎,Nex,E₃₍_S₎,Frac_GasMS,参数说明见公式(3)和公式(4)	IPCC^[28]

养殖规模	技术指标	经济指标
农户散养	操作简便储存时间短(≤ 1个月)	无运行成本或成本较低充分利用地区补贴政策
中小规模	储存时间短(≤ 6个月)技术成熟易于推广	方式运行成本较低
集约化养殖	环境影响小资源循环利用率高	区域扶持力度大

规模化养殖					农户散养
固体储存	堆肥	沼气池	蓄粪池	废弃	堆放还田	每日散施	农户沼气	无氧发酵	猪舍蓄粪池	堆肥作饲料	泥肥	废弃
62	21	10	2	5	52	17	7	4	4	3	3	10

		农户散养		中小规模养殖		集约化养殖
		优化管理	占比	优化管理	占比	优化管理	占比
山区	神农架	山地自然消解	0.08	蓄粪池	0.03	无	0.00
	十堰	山地自然消解	0.31	堆肥	0.50	无氧发酵与沼气连用	0.69
		每天散施	1.69
		家猪厚垫草	1.08
	恩施	山地自然消解	0.67	堆肥	3.66	无氧发酵与沼气连用	0.92
		每天散施	1.92
		家猪厚垫草	1.23
		无氧发酵与沼气连用	2.86
其他地区		每天散施	9.60	堆肥		48.42	无氧发酵与沼气连用	24.37
		家猪厚垫草	0.98

	农户散养	中小规模养殖	集约化养殖	合计
CH₄	58.56	247.51	91.28	397.36
N₂O	69.06	-35.73	37.61	70.95
合计	127.63	211.78	128.90	468.31