城市餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹——以北京市为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.01.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食物浪费及其资源环境代价已成为全球广泛关注的热点。食物浪费不仅浪费的是食物本身,还意味着在生产和制造这些食物中所投入的各种资源的浪费。本文以北京市餐饮业食物浪费问题为切入点,通过问卷调查和称重的方法对餐饮业食物浪费状况进行调查,并在生态足迹理论和模型的基础上,根据北京市食物来源地的现状,重新计算了均衡因子等模型的关键参数,改进了计算方法,核算和分析了北京市餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹。研究结果表明：北京市餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹高达29.47万nhm²（国家公顷）,约是北京市面积的1/5。其中北京市城镇居民餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹为20.53万nhm²,占北京市餐饮业食物浪费总生态足迹的69.66%;旅游人口餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹为8.94万nhm²,占北京市餐饮业食物浪费总生态足迹的30.34%。研究结果反映了北京市餐饮食物浪费对土地资源的占用,这种无效消耗,对区域的资源和生态造成了很大的胁迫。因此,政府应该加强科学消费的舆论引导,在全社会营造“节约食物文明,浪费食物可耻”的氛围,建议均衡膳食,倡导绿色食物可持续消费生活方式;逐步将“食育”教育引入到中小学校中,在潜移默化中形成勤俭节约的意识;逐步建立健全促进资源节约的各项规章制度。

关键词: 生态足迹, 餐饮业, 食物浪费, 北京市

Abstract:

Food waste is a problem of increasing severity and awareness. Wasting food not only means food itself is wasted,but that agricultural inputs such as land resources are also wasted. It is widely accepted that food waste has to be reduced;however,a lack of knowledge on food loss and waste within the catering industry has caused serious ignorance and underestimation of catering food waste among governments and the public. This research is specifically targeted at catering food waste and land costs. Detailed information and data were collected by an investigation of catering food waste in different restaurants and fast food restaurants in Beijing. Ecological footprint（EF）is used to calculate land utilization related to food waste. The EF method is improved with new parameters to make the calculation more suited for Beijing. The results show that the total catering EF of food waste is 294.7knhm², nearly one fifth of Beijing’s territory area. The catering EF of urban inhabitant food wastage is 205.3knhm²,about 70% of the total EF of catering food wastage in Beijing. The catering EF of tourism population food wastage is 89.4 knhm²,which is 30% of the total EF of catering food wastage in Beijing. The most important part of catering food waste is meat,which accounts for more than 80% of total food waste EF. Grain follows,accounting for 7% of the total food waste EF. Importing food from other provinces seems to be effective in reducing EF in Beijing. On the other hand,Beijing tends to be suitable for developing animal husbandry and fishery. To reduce food wastage,China must strengthen the guidance of green consumption,promote the practice of thrift and economy within society,establish and perfect the rules and regulations of saving food.

Key words: ecological footprint, catering industry, food waste, Beijing

张丹, 成升魁, 高利伟, 曹晓昌, 刘晓洁, 刘尧, 白军飞, 喻闻. 城市餐饮业食物浪费的生态足迹——以北京市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(1): 10-18.

ZHANG Dan,CHENG Shengkui,GAO Liwei,CAO Xiaochang,LIU Xiaojie. Ecological footprint of catering industry food waste in Beijing[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(1): 10-18.

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项目	主要来源地	来源地平均产量 /（kg/hm²）	土地类型	主要来源地均衡因子	城镇居民在外就餐食物浪费生态足迹 /万nhm²	旅游餐饮业食物浪费生态足迹 /万nhm²	餐饮业食物浪费的总生态足迹 /万nhm²
稻谷	黑龙江、吉林	7 133.91	农地	1.32	0.48	0.21	0.68
小麦	河南、河北	5 957.41	农地	1.49	0.76	0.33	1.09
其他粮食	黑龙江、吉林	6 697.70	农地	1.32	0.21	0.09	0.30
主食合计					1.45	0.63	2.08
大豆	黑龙江	1 600.19	农地	0.83	0.78	0.34	1.12
蔬菜	山东、河北、辽宁	58 756.01	农地	1.38	0.42	0.18	0.61
出栏生猪	河南、内蒙古	2 992.82	农地	1.59	2.11	0.92	3.03
出栏肉牛	河南、内蒙古	11 613.66	农地	1.59	0.12	0.05	0.17
出栏肉牛	河南、内蒙古	39.14	草地	0.71	2.53	1.11	3.63
出栏肉羊	河南、内蒙古	16 017.37	农地	1.59	0.10	0.03	0.13
出栏肉羊	河南、内蒙古	33.58	草地	0.71	11.04	4.82	15.86
出栏禽类	河南、内蒙古	3 869.26	农地	1.59	1.18	0.51	1.69
其他牲畜	河南、内蒙古	3 431.04	农地	1.59	0.30	0.13	0.42
肉类合计					17.36	7.58	24.93
水产品	天津	9 651.33	水域	0.48	0.17	0.08	0.25
鲜蛋	河南/内蒙古	3 531.92	农地	1.59	0.27	0.12	0.39
原奶	内蒙古	21 796.77	农地	1.50	0.00	0.00	0.00
原奶	内蒙古	320.46	草地	0.76	0.01	0.01	0.02
坚果类	新疆	1 044.91	林地	2.36	0.07	0.01	0.09
水果	海南、河北	16 757.19	林地	0.74	0.00	0.00	0.00
其他合计					0.36	0.14	0.49
总计					20.53	8.94	29.47

食物类型		浪费量/万t	比例/%		食物类型	浪费量/万t	比例/%
蔬菜	茄果类	2.66	6.65		羊肉	0.78	1.95
	叶菜类	2.56	6.40		牛肉	0.68	1.70
	葱蒜类	2.35	5.88		其他肉类	0.49	1.23
	白菜类	1.76	4.40	合计		8.21	20.54
	薯芋类	1.64	4.10	主食类	面粉	2.93	7.33
	瓜类	1.41	3.53		大米	2.43	6.08
	食用菌类	1.13	2.83		其他谷物	1.28	3.20
	根菜类	1.07	2.68	合计		6.64	16.61
	甘蓝类	0.77	1.93	其他	蛋类	0.73	1.83
	豆类	0.71	1.78		奶类	0.02	0.05
	芥菜类	0.39	0.98		坚果	0.07	0.18
	水生类	0.39	0.98		水果	0.04	0.10
	多年生类	0.36	0.90	合计		0.86	2.15
合计		17.20	43.03	大豆及豆制品		2.87	7.18
肉类	猪肉	3.50	8.76	水产品		4.19	10.48
	禽肉	2.76	6.91	总计		39.97	100.00

项目	全球	国家	北京
农地均衡因子	2.21	1.74	1.07
草地均衡因子	0.49	0.44	0.63
林地均衡因子	1.34	1.41	0.65
水域均衡因子	0.36	0.35	0.51
总生态足迹	67.68万ghm²	28.35万nhm²	15.27万bhm²

项目	土地类型	全球的平均产量	中国的平均产量	北京的平均产量
稻谷	农地	4 485.88	6 717.27	6 842.11
小麦	农地	3 268.30	5 055.57	5 171.18
其他粮食	农地	3 851.31	5 894.21	6 191.01
大豆	农地	2 474.63	1 729.54	1 832.99
蔬菜	农地	19 502.17	35 174.14	43 055.82
出栏生猪	农地	2 386.57	3 063.18	3 083.72
出栏肉牛	农地	10 729.87	11 737.03	12 811.21
出栏肉牛	草地	39.93	40.68	121.91
出栏肉羊	农地	14 798.46	16 187.52	17 669.01
出栏肉羊	草地	8.30	24.66	70.77
出栏禽类	农地	3 904.93	3 867.57	4 194.91
其他牲畜	农地	3 465.38	3 465.38	3 484.07
水产品	水域	1 475.08	14 454.55	14 454.55
鲜蛋	农地	3 263.14	3 569.44	3 896.12
原奶	农地	20 138.04	22 028.31	24 044.35
原奶	草地	444.51	213.38	3 654.96
坚果类	林地	2 322.66	1 132.74	1 024.67
水果	林地	14 026.70	16 978.21	15 308.08